1. Muscular Dystrophy
Definition: A group of over 30 distinct genetic disorders characterised by progressive and irreversible muscle weakness and loss of tissue.
Key Symptoms: Difficulty walking, joint motion restrictions, trouble breathing or swallowing, and potential heart/organ involvement.
Onset: Symptoms of the most common forms appear in early childhood, though some types do not manifest until adulthood or middle age.
2. Tourette Syndrome
Definition: A neurological disorder causing involuntary, repetitive sounds and movements called tics. Tics are neurological rather than behavioural, meaning they cannot be controlled by the individual.
Tic Types:
Motor Tics: Eye blinking, shoulder shrugging, facial twitching, head jerking, jumping, or touch/imitation behaviours.
Vocal Tics: Sniffing, throat clearing, grunting, tongue clicking, and rarely, blurting out socially unacceptable phrases.
Onset & Cause: Typically diagnosed between ages 2 and 21; attributed to a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurochemical factors.
3. Dwarfism
Definition: Short stature resulting from any of over 300 genetic or medical conditions, generally defined as an adult height of 4 feet 10 inches (147 cm) or less (average height ~4 feet).
Primary Types:
Disproportionate: Specific body parts are smaller, while others are average or above-average in size.
Proportionate: The entire body is uniformly small to the same degree.
Development: May cause early motor skill delays, but does not affect intellectual capability.
At-a-Glance Comparison
| Condition | Category | Primary Characteristics | Intellectual Impact |
| Muscular Dystrophy | Genetic muscle disorder | Progressive muscle weakness & wasting | None inherently (depends on specific subtype) |
| Tourette Syndrome | Neurological disorder | Involuntary motor & vocal tics | None |
| Dwarfism | Growth / Skeletal condition | Adult height $\le$ 4'10" (proportionate or disproportionate) | None |
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